vertibrate hormones

Common Vertebrate Hormones

Hormone

Structure

Functions
Pituitary Hormones
Oxytocin polypeptide of 9 amino acids CYIQNCPLG (C's are disulfide bonded) uterine contraction, causes milk ejection in lactating females, responds to suckling reflex and estradiol, lowers steroid synthesis in testes
Vasopressin
(antidiuretic hormone, ADH) polypeptide of 9 amino acids CYFQNCPRG (C's are disulfide bonded) responds to osmoreceptor which senses extracellular [Na+], blood pressure regulation, increases H2O readsorption from distal tubules in kidney
Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) α polypeptide = 13 amino acids
β polypeptide = 18 amino acids
γ polypeptide = 12 amino acids pigmentation
Corticotropin (adrenocorticotropin, ACTH) polypeptide = 39 amino acids stimulates cells of adrenal gland to increase steroid synthesis and secretion
Lipotropin (LPH) β polypeptide = 93 amino acids
γ polypeptide = 60 amino acids increases fatty acid release from adipocytes
Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) 2 proteins: α is 96 amino acids; β is 112 acts on thyroid follicle cells to stimulate throid hormone synthesis
Growth hormone (GH, or somatotropin) protein of 191 amino acids general anabolic stimulant, increases release of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), cell growth and bone sulfation
Prolactin (PRL) protein of 197 amino acids stimulates differentiation of secretory cells of mammary gland and stimulates milk synthesis
Luteinizing hormone (LH); human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is similar and produced in placenta 2 proteins: α is 96 amino acids; β is 121 increases ovarian progesterone synthesis, luteinization; acts on Leydig cells of testes to increase testosterone synthesis and release and increases interstitial cell development
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 2 proteins: α is 96 amino acids; β is 120 ovarian follicle development and ovulation, increases estrogen production; acts on Sertoli cells of semiferous tubule to increase spermatogenesis
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Hypothalamic Hormones
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF or CRH) protein of 41 amino acids acts on corticotrope to release ACTH and β-endorphin (lipotropin)
Gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF or GnRH) polypeptide of 10 amino acids acts on gonadotrope to release LH and FSH
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) this may be TRH acts on lactotrope to release prolactin
Prolactin-release inhibiting factor (PIF) may be derived from GnRH precursor, 56 amino acids acts on lactotrope to inhibit prolactin release
Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GRH) protein of 40 and 44 amino acids stimulates GH secretion
Somatostatin (SIF, also called growth hormone-release inhibiting factor, GIF) polypeptide of 14 and 28 amino acids inhibits GH and TSH secretion
Thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRH or TRF) peptide of 3 amino acids: EHP stimulates TSH and prolactin secretion
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Thyroid Hormones
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine iodinated dityrosin derivatives responds to TSH and stimulates oxidations in many cells
Calcitonin protein of 32 amino acids produced in parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, regulation of Ca2+ and Pi metabolism
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) protein of 37 amino acids, product of the calcitonin gene derived by alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA in the brain acts as a vasodilator
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Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) protein of 84 amino acids regulation of Ca2+ and Pi metabolism, stimulates bone resorption thus increasing serum [Ca2+], stimulates Pi secretion by kidneys
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Adipose Tissue Hormones
additional discussion of adipocyte hormones and cytokines
Leptin 167 amino acid precursor processed to 146 amino acids regulation of overall body weight by limiting food intake and increasing energy expenditure, regulation of the neuroendocrine axis, inflammatory responses, blood pressure, and bone mass
Adiponectin 244 amino acid protein with 4 distinct functional domains major biological actions are increases in insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation
Resistin 108 amino acid pre-protein in humans induces insulin resistance
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Hormones and Peptides of the Gut
additional discussion of gastrointestinal hormones
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) formerly called enteroglucagon Two forms: 31 amino acids, GLP-1(7-37) and 30 amino acids, GLP-1(7-36)amide potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon secretion, inhibits gastric emptying
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) originally called gastric inhibitory polypeptide polypeptide of 42 amino acids inhibits secretion of gastric acid, enhances insulin secretion
Ghrelin 28 amino acids derived from preproghrelin protein; acylated on Ser3 with n-octanoic acid, non-acylated forms found in circulation also but not bioactive appetite stimulation, stimulates NPY release, regulation of energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, gastric secretion and emptying, insulin secretion
Obestatin 23 amino acids derived from preproghrelin protein acts in opposition to ghrelin action on appetite
Gastrin 17 amino acids produced by stomach antrum, stimulates acid and pepsin secretion, also stimulates pancreatic secretions
Secretin 27 amino acids secreted from duodenum at pH values below 4.5, stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate and H2O
Cholecystokinin, CCK 33 amino acids stimulates gallbladder contraction and bile flow, increases secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreas
Motilin 22 amino acids controls gastrointestinal muscles
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 28 amino acids produced by hypothalamus and GI tract, relaxes the GI, inhibits acid and pepsin secretion, acts as a neurotransmitter in peripheral autonomic nervous system, increases secretion of H2O and electrolytes from pancreas and gut
Somatostatin 14 amino acid version inhibits release and action of numerous gut peptides, e.g. CKK, gastrin, secretin, motilin, GIP; also inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion from pancreas
Substance P, a member of the tachykinin family that includes neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB) 11 amino acids CNS function in pain (nociception), involved in vomit reflex, stimulates salivary secretions, induces vasodilation
antagonists have anti-depressant properties
PP, PYY and NPY constitute the Pancreatic Polypeptide family of 36 amino acid peptides.
PP and PYY exhibit endocrine functions.
NPY functions as a neuropeptide
Pancreatic Polypeptide, PP 36 amino acids suppresses glucose-induced insulin secretion, inhibits bicarbonate and protein secretion from pancreas
Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine, PYY 36 amino acids inhibits gastric motility by inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmission, inhibits gastric acid secretion
Neuropeptide Tyrosine, NPY 36 amino acids, 6 receptors effects on hypothalamic function in appetite, controls feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, levels increase during starvation to induce food intake
Amphiregulin 2 peptides: 78 amino acid truncated form and 84 amino acid form with 6 additional N-terminal amino acids homology to EGF and binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR)
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Pancreatic Hormones
Insulin disulfide bonded dipeptide of 21 and 30 amino acids produced by β-cells of the pancreas, increases glucose uptake and utilization, increases lipogenesis, general anabolic effects
Glucagon polypeptide of 29 amino acids produced by α-cells of the pancreas, increases lipid mobilization and glycogenolysis in order to increase blood glucose levels
Pancreatic polypeptide polypeptide of 36 amino acids increases glycogenolysis, regulation of gastrointestinal activity
Somatostatin 14 amino acid version inhibition of glucagon and somatotropin release
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Placental Hormones
Estrogens steroids maintenance of pregnancy
Progestins steroids mimic action of progesterone
Chorionic gonadotropin 2 proteins: α is 96 amino acids; β is 147 activity similar to LH
Placental lactogen protein of 191 amino acids acts like prolactin and GH
Relaxin 2 proteins of 22 and 32 amino acids produced in ovarian corpus luteum, inhibits myometrial contractions, secretion increases durin gestation
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Gonadal Hormones
Estrogens (ovarian) steroids: estradiol and estrone maturation and function of female secondary sex organs
Progestins (ovarian) steroid: progesterone implantation of ovum and maintenance of pregnancy
Androgens (testicular) steroid: testosterone maturation and function of male secondary sex organs
Inhibins A and B 1 protein (α is 134 amino acids; β is 115 and 116 amino acids) inhibition of FSH secretion
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Adrenal Cortical Hormones
Glucocorticoids steroids: cortisol and corticosterone diverse effects on inflammation and protein synthesis
Mineralocorticoids steroids: aldosterone maintenance of salt balance
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Adrenal Medullary Hormones
Epinephrine (adrenalin) derived from tyrosine classic "fight-or-flight" response, increases glycogenolysis, lipid mobilization, smooth muscle contraction, cardiac function, binds to all classes of catecholamine receptors (α- and β-adrenergic)
Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) derived from tyrosine classic "fight-or-flight" response, lipid mobilization, arteriole contraction, also acts as neurotransmitter in the CNS, released from noradrenergic neurons, binds all catecholamine receptors except β2-adrenergic
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Liver Hormones
Angiotensin II polypeptide of 8 amino acids derived from angiotensinogen (present in the α2-globulin fraction of plasma) which is cleaved by the kidney enzyme renin to give the decapeptide, angiotensin I, the C-terminal 2 amino acids are then released (by action of angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE) to yield angiotensin II responsible for essential hypertension through stimulated synthesis and release of aldosterone from adrenal cells
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Kidney Hormones
Calcitriol [1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3] derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol responsible for maintenance of calcium and phosphorous homeostasis, increases intestinal Ca2+ uptake, regulates bone mineralization
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Cardiac Hormones
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) several active peptides cleaved from a 126 amino acid precursor released from heart atria in response to hypovolemia, acts on outer adrenal cells to decrease aldosterone production; smooth muscle relaxation
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Pineal Hormones
Melatonin N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine regulation of circadian rhythms